Karen Brewster

This is a continuation of an interview with Charles Kurtz by Karen Brewster on November 1, 2010 at his home in Portland, Oregon.

Dr. Joe Bloom was interviewed by Bill Schneider and Karen Brewster on April 20, 2010 at his home in Portland, Oregon. 

Judge Mary Greene was interviewed in her office in the Butrovich Building on the University of Alaska Fairbanks campus by Bill Schneider and Karen Brewster on February 1, 2007 in Fairbanks, Alaska. She was General Counsel for the University of Alaska until her retirement in mid-2007. She was a State Appellate Court Judge in Fairbanks from 1985 to 2002 and during her tenure was responsible for some of the legal decisions regarding the Mental Health Trust lawsuit. Judge Greene is careful and professional in her discussion of the lawsuit, the sensitive nature of the material, and the long and complicated road toward settlement. She talks about the details of the legal and legislative process of the Mental Health Trust case, and what her role was. She also reflects on the personal impact of a ten years case and offers her assessment of the outcomes. As with the other players in the lawsuit and settlement, Judge Greene expresses how she was trying to do the best for those in Alaska in need of mental health services.

Bud Helmericks was interviewed on October 24, 2003 by Karen Brewster and David Krupa conducted at his home in downtown Fairbanks, Alaska. As cultural anthropologist with Gates of the Arctic National Park, David Krupa was interested in hearing about Bud's relationship with the park. Bud was selected for this interview because of his long history as a bush pilot in northern Alaska, and because he has a home on Walker Lake within the boundaries of Gates of the Arctic National Park. Bud has many ties with the National Park Service. In this interview, Bud discusses flying in the Brooks Range in the early days, key people in the area at the time, life at Walker Lake, and how he has seen things change over the years. This interview has been edited.

This is a continuation of the interview with Bill Patton by Karen Brewster on September 22, 2004 in his office at the United States Geological Survey, Western Region Center in Menlo Park, California. This is a part two of tape number Oral History 2002-27-20. In this part of the interview, Bill talks about the geology of Alaska, Russia and Canada, doing geological fieldwork and how it has changed through the years, working with Native people, his thoughts about the establishment of Gates of the Arctic National Park, impacts from oil exploration, and the purpose of geological research and mapping.

This is a continuation of the interview with Bill Brosge on September 23, 2004 with Karen Brewster in Woodside, California. This is part two of tape number Oral History 2002-27-21. In this part of the interview, Bill talks about exploring the North Fork of the Koyukuk River in 1958, planning and preparing for long field expeditions, the joys and hardships of geological fieldwork, changes in fieldwork and mapping, his thoughts about the establishment of Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, and his contributions to geologic understanding of the Brooks Range.

This is a continuation of the interview with Elaine Meader McCausland on January 4, 2003 with Karen Brewster in Cazadero, California. This is part three of tape number Oral History 2002-27-05. The interview began in parts one and two of tape number Oral History 2002-27-05. In this part of the interview, Elaine talks about how she feels about establishment of Gates of the Arctic National Park, and what living at a remote lake in the Brooks Range meant to her and her personal development.

This is a continuation of the interview with George Gryc on September 21, 2004 with Karen Brewster in Menlo Park, California. This is part two of tape number Oral History 2002-27-19. The interview continues in part three and four of tape number Oral History 2002-27-19. In this part of the interview, George talks about oil exploration in the National Petroleum Reserve Alaska, interacting with the Nunamiut people at Chandler Lake, and challenges of doing remote geological fieldwork.

This is a continuation of the interview with George Gryc on September 21, 2004 with Karen Brewster in Menlo Park, California. This is part four of tape number Oral History 2002-27-19. The interview began in tape number Oral History 2002-27-19, Parts 1-3. In this part of the interview, George talks about his contributions to geologic understanding of the Brooks Range and northern Alaska, and what work he sees still needs to be done.

This is a continuation of the interview with Gil Mull on October 20, 2004 with Karen Brewster in Santa Fe, New Mexico. This is part two of tape number Oral History 2002-27-22. The interview continues in part three and four of tape number Oral History 2002-27-22, and parts one and two of tape number Oral History 2002-27-23. In this part of the interview, Gil talks about drilling for oil and the leasing of federal lands, his work as a drill geologist, and his family background and employment history.

This is a continuation of the interview with Gil Mull on October 20, 2004 with Karen Brewster in Santa Fe, New Mexico. This is part four of tape number Oral History 2002-27-22. The interview continues in parts one and two of tape number Oral History 2002-27-23. The interview began in parts one, two and three of tape number Oral History 2002-27-22. In this part of the interview, Gil talks about the various geologist jobs he has held and the types of projects he has worked on, and what he believes are his contributions to geological fieldwork.

This is a continuation of the interview with Gil Mull by Karen Brewster on October 21, 2004 in his home in Santa Fe, New Mexico. This is a continuation from tape number Oral History 2002-27-23, Part 1, and tape number Oral History 2002-27-23, Parts 1-4. In this part of the interview, Gil talks about geological maps of the Brooks Range and North Slope of Alaska, and his views on the establishment of Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve.

John Malone was interviewed by Bill Schneider and Karen Brewster on March 11, 2008 in Anchorage, Alaska, at his home. In this interview, he talked about his long-time and varied involvement with mental health services in Alaska. John served as an Alaska State Trooper in rural Alaska where he had first-hand experience with mental health cases and came to see the need for locally-based services. He helped establish Bethel Community Services, and later served as the statewide president of the Alaska Alliance for the Mentally Ill, and was a Trustee of the Alaska Mental Health Trust Authority board from its founding in 1995 until 2007. John was also interviewed by Bill Schneider and Karen Perdue with videography by Deborah Lawton and Michael Letzring on April 16, 2008 at the Marriot Hotel in Anchorage, Alaska.

Dr. Aron Wolf was interviewed by William Schneider and Karen Brewster on December 7, 2010 at his private psychiatric office in Anchorage, Alaska. He came to Alaska in the late 1960s with the United States Air Force to provide mental health services to soldiers at remote bases, to dependents, and to veterans. He worked at the Langdon Clinic from 1970 to 1995, was medical director for Providence medical system until 2004, and then returned to private practice. In this interview, Dr. Wolf talks about the evolution of mental health services in Alaska, the role of community mental health centers, the field of forensic psychiatry, vocational rehabilitation programs, and the behavioral health aide program.

Tom Hawkins was interviewed by Karen Brewster and Bill Schneider with videography by Deborah Lawton and Aaron Elterman of KUAC radio/tv, Fairbanks on June 10, 2009 at the Marriot Hotel in Anchorage, Alaska. He has worked as a land manager for the federal government, the State of Alaska, and Alaska Native corporations. He was an original member of the Alaska Mental Health Trust Authority board of trustees formed in 1994 and served until April, 2009. He also chaired their resource management committee for many years. In this interview, Tom discusses dealing with the land aspects of the mental health trust settlement when he worked for the State of Alaska, Department of Natural Resources, assessing the trust reconstitution, and his role as a trustee with the Mental Health Trust Authority.

Nelson Page was interviewed by Bill Schneider and Karen Brewster with videography by Deborah Lawton and Aaron Elterman of KUAC radio/tv, Fairbanks on June 10, 2009 at the Marriot Hotel in Anchorage, Alaska. He is a lawyer with Burr, Pease and Kurtz in Anchorage, Alaska. He was an original member of the Alaska Mental Health Trust Authority Board of Trustees serving until 2008, and was the board's first chairman. In this interview, Nelson talks about the legal aspects of the mental health trust lawsuit, land selection and settlement, his work with the Disability Law Center, the establishment and functioning of the Mental Health Trust Authority Board of Trustees, and his personal connection with disability services through raising foster children.

This is a continution of an interview with Pat Lando by Karen Brewster and Marla Statscewich on April 29, 2012 in Valdez, Alaska.

Dick Branton continues and concludes his interview with Bill Schneider and Karen Brewster on June 11, 2009 at his home in Wasilla, Alaska.

Justice Alex Bryner was interviewed on January 24, 2012 by Karen Brewster, William Oberly, and Kelly Taylor at the Boney Courthouse in Anchorage, Alaska. Alex Bryner served as the first Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals from 1980 to 1997. In 1997, he was appointed to the Alaska Supreme Court where he served until his retirement in 2007. In this interview, he talks about his family background and growing up, his variety of jobs in the legal profession, establishing the Appeals Court, differences between the Appeals and the Supreme Courts, his sense of humor, the joys and challenges of being a judge, and his assessment of Alaska’s judicial system.

Dr. Jerry Schrader was by Bill Schneider and Karen Brewster on April 19, 2010 at his home in Salem, Oregon about his career as a provider of mental health services in Alaska. He was Director of Alaska's Mental Health Division from 1973-1978, was a private psychiatrist in Alaska and Oregon, and was medical director for the State of California Department of Mental Health programs in the San Francisco area. He was also president of the Alaska Mental Health Association for about ten years. He retired from private practice in Salem, Oregon around 2000. In this interview, Jerry talks about becoming a psychiatrist, working as the director of Mental Health for the State of Alaska, establishing community-based mental health clinics in Alaska, and his role in instigating the Mental Health Trust lawsuit.

Judge James von der Heydt was interviewed by Judge Niesje Steinkruger and Karen Brewster on December 9, 2010 at his condominium overlooking Cook Inlet in downtown Anchorage, Alaska. His wife, Verna, joined in on part of the interview. Judge von der Heydt talks about his experience as a Deputy Federal Marshal based out of Nome in the late 1940s where he was charged with retrieving people for sanity cases and if found "insane and at large" transporting them to Morningside Hospital in Portland, Oregon. He also talks about the court process in Nome for determining mental illness, especially the roles of US Commissioner, attorney, doctor, and the use of a jury trial.

Dr. Roy Moss was interviewed by Karen Brewster on October 27, 2010 at the historic Santa Maria Inn in Santa Maria, California. Dr. Moss was a psychiatrist at Morningside Hospital in Portland, Oregon from 1962-1966. In this interview, he talks about working at Morningside and other people he worked with, the types of treatments used, the Coe family who operated the facility, and patients being returned to Alaska. He also offers his thoughts on the quality of care provided at Morningside. 

Harold "Doc" South was interviewed by William Schneider and Karen Brewster on December 8, 2010 at his home in Palmer, Alaska. In this interview, Doc talks about his many years of working as a psychiatrist in Alaska, beginning in 1971 at the state's mental health center in Fairbanks and then at the Alaska Psychiatric Institute (API) in Anchorage until his retirement in 1986. He describes API, bringing patients in from villages, and the facility's quality of care. He also mentions changes in the practice of psychiatry, involvement in court cases, development of community mental health centers, and the high rate of suicide in rural Alaska.

This is a continuation of an interview with Harold "Doc" South by William Schneider and Karen Brewster on December 8, 2010 at his home in Palmer, Alaska. This is the third of three tapes.

This is a continuation of the interview with John and Louise Maakestad by William Schneider and Karen Brewster on December 8, 2010 at their apartment at the Anchorage Pioneer Home in Anchorage, Alaska.

Jeff Jessee was interviewed by Bill Schneider and Karen Brewster on December 1, 2010 at Elmer E. Rasmuson Library on the University of Alaska Fairbanks campus. He is the Chief Executive Officer of the Alaska Mental Health Trust Authority. This is a continuation of a three part interview on November 30, 2009 where he talked about his early career and how he got involved with the mental health trust. In this two part interview, Jeff talks about the establishment and organization of the Alaska Mental Health Trust Authority (MHTA), and how it influences mental health programs in Alaska. He discusses MHTA's focus areas, examples of their accomplishments for positive change in delivery of mental health services, as well as mentioning challenges they face.

This is a continuation of the interview with Justice Alex Bryner by Karen Brewster, William Oberly, and Kelly Taylor on January 24, 2012 in Anchorage, Alaska. This is a continuation from tape number Oral History 2012-02-3, Part 1, and continues on tape number Oral History 2012-02-3, Part 3. In this part of the interview, Justice Bryner talks about being a member of the Alaska Court of Appeals, serving on the Alaska Supreme Court, differences between the types of judgeships, working with other judges and magistrates, and the role of humor in his life and work.

This is a continuation of the interview with Elaine Ritschard by Bill Schneider and Karen Brewster on April 20, 2010 at Summerset Lodge retirement community in Gladstone, Oregon.

Justice Warren Matthews was interviewed on January 23, 2012 by Karen Brewster and Marilyn May at the Boney Courthouse in Anchorage, Alaska. Warren Matthews grew up in Hollister, California, and earned a law degree from Harvard Law School. He came to Alaska in 1964 and first worked as an attorney at the law firm of Burr, Boney, and Pease in Anchorage. In 1977, he was appointed to the Alaska Supreme Court and twice served as Chief Justice during his thirty-two years on the bench. Justice Matthews retired in 2009 after reaching the mandatory retirement age of 70. Because of a love of the law and his job, he has continued to serve as judge pro tem as needed. He still comes to his office in the courthouse just about every day. In this interview, he discusses why he chose the field of law, coming to Alaska, why he wanted to become a judge, how the Supreme Court operates, the joys and challenges of the job, his thoughts about the state’s judicial selection and retention process, and what he misses about the job.

Judge Victor Carlson was interviewed on January 24, 2012 by Karen Brewster and Michael Schwaiger at his home in Anchorage, Alaska. Victor Carlson grew up on a farm in Michigan, served in the Navy at Adak Island, and went to law school at the University of Michigan.  He came to Alaska in 1962 to work for Attorney General Ralph Moody. He went on to work for the Attorney General’s office in Fairbanks, was attorney for the Greater Anchorage Area Borough, was the first Public Defender in Anchorage when the agency was established in 1969, was Superior Court judge in Sitka, and was Superior Court judge in Anchorage until his retirement in 1995. In this interview, he talks about his childhood and education, working at Adak Island, the early years of Alaska’s court and legal system, starting the Public Defender Agency in Anchorage, becoming a judge, serving as a family court judge, working criminal and civil cases, sentencing rules, his mentors, responsibilities of a judge, interacting with the community, rural justice, being an openly gay judge and a role model for gay youth, and significant cases he worked on.

Judge Beverly Cutler was interviewed on January 25, 2012 by Karen Brewster and Margaret Russell at her home in Palmer, Alaska.  Beverly Cutler grew up near Washington, DC and earned a law degree from Yale Law School. She came to Alaska in 1974 as a research attorney for the Alaska Judicial Council. She went on to be an assistant public defender, a District Court judge in Anchorage, and in 1982 was appointed the first judge of the new Superior Court in Palmer. She was the first woman appointed as a Superior Court judge, and retired in 2009. In this interview, she talks about her family and educational background, her research work for the Alaska Judicial Council, working as a public defender, becoming a judge, setting up the court in Palmer, being a single court judge in a small community, her mentors, types of cases she handled, sentencing rules, handling criticism, balancing work and family, and being a woman in the judicial system.

This is a continuation of the interview with Judge Beverly Cutler on January 25, 2012 by Karen Brewster and Margaret Russell at her home in Palmer, Alaska. In this part of the interview, Judge Cutler talks about working with other judges, difficult cases and decisions, community invovlement of judges, substance abuse in cases, her contributions to Alaska's legal system,and being a role model for other women.

This is a continuation of the interview with Magistrate Arlene Clay on January 25, 2012 by Karen Brewster and Barbara Hood at her apartment at the Primrose Retirement Community in Wasilla, Alaska. Arlene’s friend, John Murphy was also present at the interview. This is a continuation from tape number Oral History 2012-02-05, Part 1. In this part of the interview, Magistrate Clay talks about changes in Alaska's justice system, challenges and joys of being a magistrate, and working with other people in the court system.

This is a continuation of the interview with Judge Michael Jeffery on February 6, 2012 by Karen Brewster at Elmer E. Rasmuson Library at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. This is a continuation of tape number Oral History 2012-02-06, Part 1, and it continues on tape number Oral History 2012-02-06, Part 3. In this part of the interview, Judge Jeffery talks about rural justice, substance abuse and alcohol issues in the courts, cultural understanding, starting the superior court in Barrow, his views about sentencing lawas, and what is means to him personally to be a judge.

Judge Gerald Van Hoomissen was interviewed on May 15, 2012 by Karen Brewster and Niesje Steinkruger at Elmer E. Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks in Fairbanks, Alaska. Gerald Van Hoomissen was born in Portland, Oregon and received his law degree from the University of Oregon Law School. In 1965, he became the Assistant US Attorney in Fairbanks, was district attorney in Fairbanks from 1968-1969, was a private attorney, and then in 1970 was appointed as judge of the Superior Court in Fairbanks. As a private pilot, he flew around much of rural Alaska to hold hearings and try cases in the villages, something which is no longer done. He retired from the bench in 1986. In this interview, he talks about working as US attorney, traveling to the villages, holding court in Barrow as a visiting judge, the needs of rural justice, the importance of understanding the Native cultures, the types of cases he handled, Alaska’s judicial selection and retention system, and changes in Alaska’s justice system.

This is a continuation of the interview with Judge Gerald Van Hoomissen on May 15, 2012 by Karen Brewster and Niesje Steinkruger at Elmer E. Rasmuson Library, University of Alaska Fairbanks in Fairbanks, Alaska. This is a continuation from tape number Oral History 2012-02-14, Parts 1 and 2. In this part of the interview, Judge Van Hoomissen talks about the challenges of being a judge, tribal courts, menotors, and his retirement.

This is a continuation of an interview with Duane and Sanna LeVan by Don Callaway, Rachel Mason, and Karen Brewster on April 9, 2010 at their home in Seward, Alaska. In this part of the interview, the LeVans talk about the various ways in which they have used the Exit Glacier area both before and after the road was put in, cross-country skiing and hunting, changes in Seward, their thoughts about the establishment of Kenai Fjords National Park, and they mark uses and features on the map.

This is a continuation of an interview with Doug McRae by Don Callaway, Rachel Mason, and Karen Brewster on April 10, 2010 at his home in Seward, Alaska. In this part of the interivew, Doug continues to talk about his career as a hunting guide, his own hunting activities, the road to Exit Glacier, thoughts about establishment of Kenai Fjords National Park, snowmachining, and his work as an artist making carvings out of antler.

This is a continuation of an interview with Gary Zimmerman by Don Callaway, Rachel Mason, Karen Brewster, and Shannon Kovac on April 10, 2010 at the Van Gilder Hotel in Seward, Alaska. In this part of the interview, Gary talks about riding snowmachines on the Harding Icefield and near Exit Glacier, and ensuring that snowmachining continues to be an allowed use in Kenai Fjords National Park.

Warren and Mary Huss were interviewed on August 5, 2010 by Rachel Mason, Karen Brewster and Shannon Kovac at their home in Seward, Alaska. In this interview, Warren and Mary talk about hunting in the Seward area, changes in wildlife populations, life in Seward and how it has changed. They talk about hunting, trapping, snowmachining, skiing, hiking, and trails in the Exit Glacier area, the road to the glacier, changes in the glacier, and their thoughts about establishment of Kenai Fjords National Park.

Val Anderson was interviewed on August 6, 2010 by Rachel Mason, Karen Brewster and Shannon Kovac at his home in Seward, Alaska. Val's wife, Jean, was present at the interview and periodically added her own comments (she passed away in November 2010). In this interview, Val talks about growing up on the island and what life was like in the area in the 1930s and 1940s, his father's guiding operation, being in the Army in World War II stationed at Shemya Island, working as a longshoreman on the waterfront in Seward, the 1964 Earthquake, and how Seward has changed over time. He talks about helping build the Herman Leirer Road to Exit Glacier, especially the blasting work he did, and how people have used the area.

This is a continuation of an inteview with Keith and Jackie Campbell by Rachel Mason and Karen Brewster on August 6, 2010 at their home in Seward, Alaska. In this part of the interview, Keith and Jackie talk about construction of the road to Exit Glacier, their snowmachining, hunting and hiking activities, and establishment of Kenai Fjords National Park.

Bob White was interviewed on August 7, 2010 by Rachel Mason, Karen Brewster, and Shannon Kovac at his gun shop in Seward, Alaska. At the time of the interview, he owned his own floor covering business and a gun shop. He is married to the daughter of Val and Jean Anderson. In this interview, Bob talks about his family background, commercial fishing, hunting, changes in Seward, and changes in wildlife populations. He talks about hunting, trapping, dogmushing, snowmachining, and using horses in the Exit Glacier area, cabins and airstrips, the stranded bulldozer up Resurrection River, the road to the glacier, changes to the river and glacier, and his thoughts about establishment of Kenai Fjords National Park.

Keith Knighten was interviewed on August 7, 2010 by Rachel Mason, Shannon Kovac and Karen Brewster at the offices of Kenai Fjords National Park in Seward, Alaska. In this interview, Keith talks about his childhood, becoming a pilot, working for the Coast Guard, flying adventures and crashes, the challenges of flying in the Seward area, changes in Seward, and activities at Nuka Bay. He talks about hunting in the Exit Glacier area, flying clients in and out of the area, snowmachine tourism on the glacier, the road to the glacier, and his thoughts on the establishment of Kenai Fjords National Park.

Bud Rice was interviewed on December 10, 2010 by Rachel Mason and Karen Brewster at the offices of the National Park Service in Anchorage, Alaska. In this interview, Bud talks about his glacier research, the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill and being on the incident command team, and his work as a planner for the National Park Service. He talks about expeditions on the ice field and Exit Glacier, naming of Exit Glacier, scientific studies in Kenai Fjords National Park, changes in wildlife populations, the road to Exit Glacier, snowmachining, skiing, hunting, trapping, hiking, and camping in the Exit Glacier area, changes in the glacier, and local reaction to establishment of Kenai Fjords National Park.

Mary Barry was interviewed on December 10, 2010 by Rachel Mason and Karen Brewster at her home in Anchorage, Alaska. In this interview, Mary talks about her family history and growing up in Seward, effects of the military presence and tourism on Seward, and how she became a writer. She talks about use of the Exit Glacier area, construction of the Herman Leirer Road to the glacier, how that affected use of the area, and her thoughts about establishment of Kenai Fjords National Park.

Page Spencer was interviewed on May 12, 2011 by Rachel Mason and Karen Brewster at the offices of the National Park Service in Anchorage, Alaska. In this first part of a two part interview, Page talks about growing up, her family's outdoor-based lifestyle, her parents' backgrounds, her father's work and refuge management issues, changes in wildlife populations, mining, the 1964 Earthquake, and working on the Exxon Valdez oil spill for Kenai Fjords National Park. She talks about changes in Seward, impacts from the oil spill, the stranded bulldozer up Resurrection River, her father's traverse of the Harding Icefield, skiing, hiking, and snowmachining in the Exit Glacier area, the road to the glacier, changes to the glacier and wildlife, scientific issues, and thoughts about management practices for access to Exit Glacier.

Ralph and Anne Hatch were interviewed on May 10, 2011 by Rachel Mason and Karen Brewster at their home in Seward, Alaska. In this interview, the Hatches talk about Ralph's growing up at the Jessie Lee Home, life in Seward in earlier days, and the 1964 Earthquake. Ralph talks about his father's cabin at Black Point and other cabins in the area, hunting in the Seward area, and expeditions on the Harding Icefield. Anne talks about changes to Exit Glacier, effects of the road to the glacier, berry picking and mushroom hunting, and thoughts about establishment of Kenai Fjords National Park.

DeLynn Henry was interviewed on May 23, 2011 by Mary Anne Hamblen and Karen Brewster at her office at Northrop Grumman in Washington D.C. In this interview, she talks about the Ted Stevens she knew, who was a kind, caring and generous boss. Because of DeLynn's personal relationship with Senator Stevens, she provides insight into who he was behind the scenes and out of the political limelight. She talks about the office dynamics, Senator Stevens' relationship with his constituents, some of the challenges of her job, and the way Senator Stevens handled situations.

This is a continuation of the interview with Will Arthur on May 24, 2011 by Mary Anne Hamblen and Karen Brewster in Washington D.C. This is a continuation from tape number Oral History 2011-21-02, Part 1, and continues on tape number Oral History 2011-21-02, Part 3.  In this part of the interview, Will Arthur talks about his personal connection with the Senator, how the Senator interacted with his constituents as well as the media, and the staff that supported the Senator.

Senator Mike Gravel was interviewed on May 26, 2011 by Mary Anne Hamblen and Karen Brewster at his home in Burlingame, California. In this interview, Senator Gravel talks about how he got into Alaskan politics, what it was like working as a Senator just after Alaska got Statehood, and working with Senator Ted Stevens. He also talks about a few key issues he worked on while he was in office including the Trans-Alaska Pipeline bill, the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) and his efforts to open the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA) for oil development. He talks about the pubic confrontations that he and Stevens had on the floor of the Senate, but mentions that outside of politics they were cordial to each other.

This is a continuation of the interview with Senator Mike Gravel on May 26, 2011 by Mary Anne Hamblen and Karen Brewster at his home in Burlingame, California. This is a continuation of tape numbers Oral History 2011-21-03, Parts 1 and 2. In this third and final part of the interview, Senator Mike Gravel talks about the Panama Canal proposal he submitted, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline issue, and tells a personal story about an evening with Senator Ted Stevens.

This is a continuation of the interview with Lee Saylor on June 5, 2013 by Karen Brewster at his home in North Pole, Alaska. In this second part of a two part interview, Lee talks more about the people and history of Healy Lake. He discusses relations and trade with people of the Copper River area, especially for copper, and the 1927 potlatch that Old Chief Healy gave where he brought Copper River chiefs to Healy Lake. Lee mentions Old Sam and his father, Tseyh, tells a story about a young woman who was taken by another tribe as a slave, and describes the hunting, trapping, and trading lifestyle of the Upper Tanana region. Lee also talks about establishment of a school at Healy Lake and Dot Lake, the epidemic in the 1940s that killed many people of Healy Lake, impact of the Alaska Highway, and connections between communities in the Upper Tanana region.

Eugene Brower was interviewed on November 12, 2013 by Karen Brewster and Dyre "Oliver" Dammann at the Inupiat Heritage Center in Barrow, Alaska. In this interview, Eugene shares his knowledge of and experience with whaling and changing sea ice conditions around Barrow, Alaska. He discusses the unique conditions of the Spring 2013 whaling season, and adaptation to future change.

This is the continuation of an interview with Joe Leavitt on November 13, 2013 by Karen Brewster and Dyre "Oliver" Dammann  at the Tuzzy Consortium Library in Barrow, Alaska. In this second part of a two part interview, Joe talks about using common sense to stay safe when out on the sea ice, choosing whale camp and whale butchering locations, teaching the young generations, and the use of satellite imagery and technology. He also talks about the unusual late harvest of a whale in June 2013.

This is the continuation of an interview with Roy Nageak, Sr. on November 13, 2013 by Karen Brewster and Dyre "Oliver" Dammann  at the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) office in Barrow, Alaska. In this second part of a two part interview, Roy talks about the unusual ice conditions during the Spring 2013 whaling season, and changes in the prevailing winds and ice conditions. He also talks about building trails across the ice to whale camp, understanding the ice and safety, and the use of satellite imagery and technology.

This is the continuation of an interview with Jacob Adams, Sr. on November 15, 2013 by Karen Brewster in the North Slope Borough Assembly's conference room in the Borough's central office building in Barrow, Alaska. In this second part of a two part interview, Jacob talks about crews working together to build trails across the ice to whale camps at the open lead, advice for understanding ice safety, changing ice conditions and having to move whale camp sites, and adaptations for the future as ice conditions continue to change.

Crawford Patkotak and his father, Simeon Patkotak, Sr. were interviewed on November 13, 2013 by Karen Brewster and Dyre Oliver Dammann at Crawford's home in Barrow, Alaska. Crawford's wife, Laura, and their son, Josiah, were also present at the interview. Inupiaq is Simeon's first language, so at age 81 he is more comfortable speaking Inupiaq than English. During the interview, Simeon would speak in Inupiaq and Crawford would translate what he said into English. The "In Inupiaq" portions of the transcript were translated by Muriel Hopson. In this first part of a two part interview, Crawford and Simeon talk about learning to go whaling and how to read the ice conditions, wind and current. Crawford speaks in particular about the unusual ice conditions in the spring of 2013 and his decision to keep his whaling crew at home for the season, as well as about safety issues in general, changing ice conditions over the years, and about trail building.

Urban Rahoi was interviewed on March 8, 2014 by Karen Brewster and Barbara Cellarius at the National Park Service office in Fairbanks, Alaska. In this first part of a two part interview, Urban talks about getting started as a hunting guide in Alaska, lessons he learned from guiding, his thoughts on game management, and his experiences flying in Alaska. 

Jerry Isaac was interviewed on January 14, 2014 by Leslie McCartney and Karen Brewster at the Tanana Chiefs Conference in Fairbanks, Alaska.  In the first part of this two part interview, Jerry talks about growing up in Tanacross, the changes in weather and animal populations over time, and his reasons for becoming a community leader.

Dr. Lewis "Lew" Shapiro was interviewed on May 1, 2014 by Karen Brewster at his office at the Geophysical Institute at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Lew was interviewed because of his extensive career researching sea ice mechanics in northern Alaska, and because of his role in the project related to potential oil development of the Alaskan continental shelf whose interviews appear in the North Alaskan Sea Ice Project Jukebox and in the Historical References to Ice Conditions Along the Beaufort Sea Coast of Alaska (Scientific Report, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1979). In this interview, Lew talks about the motivation behind the interviewing project, the funding, and the staff working on it. He also talks about his scientific research studying sea ice dynamics, working on oil industry funded projects, and results of his research.

Dan Gullickson was interviewed on January 27, 2010 by Karen Brewster at the Tanana Valley Railroad Museum in Fairbanks, Alaska. In this first part of a two part interview, Dan talks about the history of the Tanana Valley Railroad, and the Friends of the Tanana Valley Railroad’s project to restore Engine #1. He also mentions history of railroads in the Nome area.

Duane LeVan was interviewed on April 11, 2010 by Karen Brewster in Seward, Alaska. In this first part of a two part interview, Duane talks about working for the Alaska Railroad in Seward as a warehouse man transferring freight from ship to train, the role of the railroad in Seward, changes in the longshoring operation with the development of containers and cranes, the impact of the 1964 Earthquake, and the demise of the railroad operation.

Jim Biles was interviewed on September 8, 2014 by Karen Brewster and Leslie McCartney at Elmer E. Rasmuson Library at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Jim had attended the conference "A Cold War, 2014 Alaska Conference and Nike Veterans Reunion" held in Anchorage, Alaska on September 4 and 5, 2014. In this first part of a three part interview, Jim discusses his personal background and education, how he entered the U.S. Army, coming to Alaska to work at a Nike Missile Site, and missile launching procedures. He also talks about the 1967 Fairbanks flood and an encounter with a Russian Bear bomber airplane on the radar screen.

Dr. Sergei Khrushchev was interviewed on September 4, 2014 by Leslie McCartney and Karen Brewster at the Captain Cook Hotel in Anchorage Alaska. Roger Babler was also present during part of the interview. Dr. Khrushchev was a special guest speaker at the conference "A Cold War, 2014 Alaska Conference and Nike Veterans Reunion" held in Anchorage, Alaska on September 4 and 5, 2014. In this first of a two part interview, Dr. Khrushchev discusses his family and early years, Soviet and American relations during the Cold War, and his work with the Soviet missile and space program. He also talks about the arms race during the Cold War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, assisting his father, Nikita Khrushchev, with his memoirs, and his own publications.

Robert (Bob) Wallace was interviewed on September 4, 2014 by Leslie McCartney and Karen Brewster at the Captain Cook Hotel in Anchorage Alaska. Bob was one of the keynote speakers at the conference "A Cold War, 2014 Alaska Conference and Nike Veterans Reunion" held in Anchorage, Alaska on September 4 and 5, 2014. In this interview, Bob discusses his 32-year career with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) from operations officer to Director of the Office of Technical Service where all the gadgets, disguises, false documents, special weapons and covert-communications devices are developed, manufactured and issued to operations officers. He also discusses the shooting down of a Korean airliner by the Russians, the change in technology over his career, coming to Alaska to cold-weather test equipment, and CIA and intellegence activities during the Cold War.

This is a continuation of an interview with George Wallot on September 4, 2014 by Leslie McCartney and Karen Brewster at the Captain Cook Hotel in Anchorage Alaska. In this second of a two part interview, George continues to talk about the destruction that occurred at Site Point Anchorage (A Battery A/4/43) from the 1964 Alaska Earthquake and how Donald Dukes, the captain who led the team, managed to complete the dangerous clean up. He reads an account of this experience that he obtained directly from Donald Dukes. George also talks about life at Site Summit Anchorage (B Battery B/3/43) and his career after leaving the Army.

Dorothy Roggeveen was interviewed on September 5, 2014 by Karen Brewster and Leslie McCartney at Dorothy's home in Anchorage, Alaska. Dorothy talks about her career in the Women's Army Corps and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers where she met her husband, Adrian Roggeveen, who was an engineer, and about their life in Okinawa, Japan. She discusses how Adrian designed the iconic clamshells that protected radar equipment at Nike Missile Sites around the world by basing the design on Dorothy's oriental fan collection. She also talks about coming to Alaska to work on the Trans-Alaska Pipeline after Adrian's death and her subsequent work in Alaska before retirement.

Joe Griffith was interviewed on September 5, 2014 by Karen Brewster and Leslie McCartney at the Captain Cook Hotel in Anchorage Alaska. Joe was one of the keynote speakers at the conference "A Cold War, 2014 Alaska Conference and Nike Veterans Reunion" held in Anchorage, Alaska on September 4 and 5, 2014. In this first part of a two part interview, Joe explains how he went into the Air Force in the early 1960s, his three tours in Vietnam, and how he came to work at the Pentagon in readiness assesment. He also talks about becoming a commander in Alaska, the shooting down of a Korean airliner by the Russians, and reflects how his career was affected by the Cold War.

Bob Bishop was interviewed on September 9, 2014 by Leslie McCartney and Karen Brewster at Elmer E. Rasmuson Library at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. Bob had attended the conference "A Cold War, 2014 Alaska Conference and Nike Veterans Reunion" held in Anchorage, Alaska on September 4 and 5, 2014. In this first part of a three part interview, Bob talks about joining the Army, going to Military Police training, coming to Alaska to work at a Nike Missile Site, and learning the skills to become a guard dog handler. He discusses guard patrol duties, the care and training of the dogs, and the clothing they were issued.

This is a continuation of an interview with Bob Bishop on September 9, 2014 by Leslie McCartney and Karen Brewster at Elmer E. Rasmuson Library at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. In this third part of a three part interview, Bob describes a few funny incidents that happened during his time working at the Nike Missile Site near Fairbanks, Alaska. He also discusses alcohol consumption, his experience with the 1964 Alaska Earthquake, trying to make telephone calls, and the military-issue clothing they were given to wear.

Howard and Ruth Rice were interviewed on September 5, 2014 by Leslie McCartney and Karen Brewster at the Captain Cook Hotel in Anchorage Alaska. At the time of the interview, the Rice family was attending the conference "A Cold War, 2014 Alaska Conference and Nike Veterans Reunion" held in Anchorage, Alaska on September 4 and 5, 2014. In this first part of a two part interview, Howard and Ruth discuss their background, how they met and married, coming to Alaska, and his responsibilities as a platoon leader at a Nike Missile Site in Anchorage. Ruth also talks about being a military wife in Alaska, what life was like in Anchorage in the 1960s, and living through the 1964 Alaska Earthquake.

Art and Damaris (Dee) Mortvedt were interviewed on April 3, 2015 by Leslie McCartney and Karen Brewster at Elmer E. Rasmuson Library at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. In this first part of a two part interview, Art talks about how he got interested in aviation and learned to be a pilot, and his solo flights to the South Pole and to the North Pole with his airplane, Polar Pumpkin. Dee talks about being the one at home to track his flight and provide logistics and radio support.

Jennifer "Jen" Raffaeli was interviewed on April 27, 2015 by William Schneider and Karen Brewster at her home at Denali National Park, Alaska. Jayme Dittmar, a sled dog kennel staff member, was also present during the interview. In this first part of a two part interview, Jen talks about how she got involved with dog mushing and working for the sled dog kennel at Denali National Park. She talks about the role of the kennel manager, learning from the dogs, understanding the abilities and limits of the dogs, designing sleds, and use of sled dogs on park projects and for outreach and education. See the Denali National Park website for more information about the sled dog kennels and the role of sled dogs in cleaning up wilderness (including a short video clip of a clean up effort in Gates of the Arctic National Park). To keep up with the kennels' current activities, see their blog, "Runnin' With the Kennels."

Take a guided tour of Denali National Park's sled dog kennels with kennel manager, Jennifer Raffaeli (April 27, 2015; 19:41 min.).

Emily Schwing was interviewed on May 1, 2015 by Karen Brewster at Elmer E. Rasmuson Library at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. In this first part of a two part interview, Emily talks about how she got started in journalism, how she got involved in reporting on the Yukon Quest and Iditarod Sled Dog Races across Alaska, and how she learned about dog mushing. She describes what it is like for a reporter on the trail, gaining acceptance as a young, new reporter, making friends with the mushers, and deciding what types of stories to file.

Gloria McNutt was interviewed on January 23, 2015 by Karen Brewster and Rachel Mason at her home in Anchorage, Alaska. Gloria's daughter, Terry Stone, assisted with the interview and added her own memories to the discussion. Terry's husband, Roger, was also present during parts of the interview. In this first part of a two part interview, Gloria talks about living in Texas and moving to Alaska, living on a homestead in Sterling, Alaska and working for the post office there. Then, she mostly she talks about her husband's guiding business based out of Chisana and Horsfeld in the Wrangell St. Elias Mountains. She talks about living at Chisana, helping with the groceries and food, running a bed and breakfast, changes in the wildlife populations, and the relationship between guides and the National Park Service. Gloria also looks at old photographs of their homestead at Chisana and talks about the various buildings and what life was like there.

Wilson Justin was interviewed on October 20, 2014 by Karen Brewster and Barbara Cellarius at Elmer E. Rasmuson Library at the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Fairbanks, Alaska. In this first part of a two part interview, Wilson talks about growing up in Nabesna, Alaska, working as a hunting guide, and his family's history of traveling and trading in the Wrangell-St. Elias area. He also talks about Native history in the Nabesna and Chistochina area and their cultural traditions regarding clans, leadership, and potlatches.

Clarence Summers was interviewed on January 27, 2106 by Rachel Mason and Karen Brewster at the offices of the National Park Service in Anchorage, Alaska. In this first part of a two part interview, Clarence talks about being the first district ranger stationed in Yakutat, developing a relationship with the local community, and his law enforcement and permit issuing duties. He also talks about subsistence use in the parks, and making patrols into areas of Glacier Bay and Wrangell-St. Elias National Parks and Preserves.

Ross Schaeffer was interviewed on March 29, 2016 by Karen Brewster, Andy Mahoney, and Rebecca Rolph at his home in Kotzebue, Alaska. In this first part of a two part interview, Ross talks about growing up as a hunter in Kotzebue and learning about ice conditions. Ross discusses the changing ice conditions around Kotzebue and the effect it has seal and beluga whale hunting and his subsistence hunting activities. He talks about thinning ice, the effect of wind and current, the timing of freeze-up and break-up, dealing with tides and overflow, being safe on the ice, and stories about people drifting out on the ice.

Virgil Naylor, Sr. was interviewed on March 30, 2016 by Karen Brewster, Andy Mahoney, and Rebecca Rolph in his home in Kotzebue, Alaska. In this first part of a two part interview, Virgil talks about growing up in Noatak and learning to hunt and navigate on the sea ice. He talks about changes he has observed in ice conditions in Kotzebue Sound, including thinning ice, changes in the timing of freeze-up and break-up, the effect of freshwater and tides, and the effect of wind and current. He also talks about seal and beluga whale hunting, ice fishing, change in the sun's location, the importance of understanding the weather, and the subsistence seasonal round.

Robert "Bobby" Schaeffer was interviewed on March 30, 2016 by Karen Brewster, Andy Mahoney, and Rebecca Rolph in an apartment of the Fish and Wildlife Service bunkhouse in Kotzebue, Alaska. In this first part of a two part interview, Bobby talks about learning to seal hunt and travel on the ice from his father, his own seal hunting and crabbing activities, and changes he has observed in the ice, including thinning ice, changes in the timing of freeze-up, and changes in the landfast ice. He also discusses knowing how to be safe on the ice by understanding weather, wind and currents, and how ice changes have effected travel routes and subsistence activities.

Cyrus Harris was interviewed on March 31, 2016 by Karen Brewster, Andy Mahoney, and Rebecca Rolph in an apartment of the Fish and Wildlife Service bunkhouse in Kotzebue, Alaska. In this first part of a two part interview, Cyrus talks about growing up at Sisualik and learning to hunt seals from his father and uncles. He discusses the importance of understanding ice conditions and how things have changed, including ice breaking away, thinning ice, timing of break-up, effect of tide and overflow, and the effect of changes on the travel routes and the seasonal round of subsistence activities. He also talks about ice safety, testing the ice, open water conditions, seal hunting, and his father drifting away on the ice but returning safely.

Richard Glenn was interviewed on February 23, 2016 by Karen Brewster and Craig George at his home in Barrow, Alaska. In this first part of a two part interview, Richard talks about his knowledge of and experience with sea ice in the Barrow area. He discusses learning to hunt and survive on the ice, the importance of watching the wind and the current, how to be safe on the ice, stories about drifiting out on the ice, and applying what you have learned and making decisions about safety. He also describes the dynamic nature of the sea ice environment, and talks about changes in ice conditions and the timing of freeze-up and break-up.

Herman Ahsoak was interviewed on February 24, 2016 by Karen Brewster at the Tuzzy Consortium Library in Barrow, Alaska. In this interview, Herman talks about his knowledge of and experience with the sea ice around Barrow. He discusses first going out whaling and learning about ice, changes he has seen in the ice including thinner ice, and how to be safe out on the ice. He also talks about the role of ice in whaling, including choosing a camp location, trail building, identifiying safe ice and moving camp for safety reasons, the effect of wind and current. He shares his experience with a large ice break-off event in 1997 and the ensuing rescue effort, the effect of changes in the ice on subsistence, and the responsibility of a whaling captain in making decisions about ice safety and whether to put a whaling crew out.

This is the continuation of an interview with Percy Nusunginya on February 25, 2016 by Karen Brewster at the Tuzzy Consortium Library in Barrow, Alaska. Sarah Skin, Oral Historian for the North Slope Borough Iñupiat History, Language and Culture Commission (IHLC) was also present at the interview. In this second part of a two part interview, Percy talks about different ice types, ice movement, the effect of wind and current, and the difficulty of describing the ice. He also discusses ice safety, and adapting to changing conditions and the future of whaling.

This is the continuation of an interview with Ronald Brower, Sr. on March 8, 2016 by Karen Brewster at Elmer E. Rasmuson Library at the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Fairbanks, Alaska. In this second part of a two part interview, Ronald talks about the dangers of being out on the sea ice and how to be safe out there, the effect of wind and current on ice conditions, and changes in ice conditions he has observed in his lifetime. He also talks about climate change and the future of whaling, human adaptation to the changing environment, the applicability of traditional knowledge, and younger generation's sea ice knowledge.

This is the continuation of an interview with Lewis Brower on February 26, 2016 by Karen Brewster at his house in Barrow, Alaska. In this second part of a two part interview, Lewis talks about drifting out on the ice, the impotance of communication, ice safety, the effect of the current on ice conditions, and ice movement. He also discusses adapting to seasonal changes in conditions, and learning about ice, ice safety, and whaling from his father, Arnold Brower, Sr.

This is a continuation of an interview with John Haile Cloe on September 21, 2016 with Karen Brewster at the Baranof Hotel in Juneau, Alaska. In this second part of a two part interview, John talks about conducting research on and writing about Alaskan military history, the potential for a "new Cold War,"and impacts and legacy of the original Cold War. He also talks about the defense of military bases in Alaska, anti-aircraft weaponry, and surveillance. John also discusses the story of the Nike Missile Site disaster in Anchorage after the 1964 Earthquake.

Ron Hogan was interviewed on March 30, 2016 by Karen Brewster at his home in Kotzebue, Alaska. In this interview, Ron shares his experience of seeing a U-2 airplane land in Kotzebue in October 1962. He also talks about the relationship between the nearby White Alice Communication System station and the local community in Kotzebue, and what it was like living there during the period of Cold War threats from the Russians.

This is the continuation of an interview with John Goodwin on May 17, 2017 by Karen Brewster and Andy Mahoney at his home in Kotzebue, Alaska. His wife, Pearl, also participated in parts of the interview. In this second part of a two part interview, John talks about changing sea ice conditions in Kotzebue Sound, including thinning ice, timing of freeze-up and break-up, presence of overflow, and the effect of wind and current. He also talks about the importance of understanding the weather and using clouds to predict changes in the wind and weather, ice safety, and changes in seal and beluga whale hunting. Finally, John and Pearl review more of their personal backgrounds, including education and work history.

This is the continuation of an interview with Willie Goodwin, Jr. and Joe Harris, Sr. on May 17, 2017 with Karen Brewster and Andy Mahoney at an apartment in the Fish and Wildlife Service bunkhouse in Kotzebue, Alaska. In this second part of a two part interview, Willie and Joe talk about learning about safe ice conditions,knowing how to travel across the ice, and drifting out on ice. They also discuss changes in ice conditions, freeze-up and breakup, and Iñupiaq terminology for ice types. Joe also shares a story about a time when he got caught in a boat amidst moving ice floes.

Roy Ahmaogak and his father, Savik Ahmaogak were interviewed on June 1, 2017 by Karen Brewster at their home in Utqiaġvik, Alaska (formerly known as Barrow). In this first part of a two part interview, Roy talks about the knowledge he has of sea ice conditions in the Barrow area, and using this knowledge to be safe out on the ice. He discusses how he learned about ice, the importance of ice safety, the differences between ice types, the effect of wind and currents on ice movement, and how ice conditions have changed in his lifetime. He also talks about whaling, trail building, and the importance of cooperation for whaling success. Savik appears in the second part of this interview.

Steve Oomittuk was interviewed on June 2, 2017 by Karen Brewster at the Tuzzy Consortium Library in Utqiaġvik, Alaska (formerly known as Barrow). Steve lives in Point Hope, but was in Utqiaġvik attending the 2017 North Slope Elders/Youth Conference and was able to take time away from sessions to participate in this interview. In this first part of a two part interview, Steve talks about being raised by his grandparents and learning to hunt on the shorefast sea ice, ice conditions around Point Hope, and how things have been changing in his lifetime. He discusses the effect of wind and current on ice conditions, getting caught on drifting ice, and changes in the timing of freeze-up and how that has effected their traditional celebration of the coming of slush ice (qinu). He also mentions the importance of listening to elders and of adhering to traditional taboos to ensure whaling success.

Rossman Peetok was interviewed on June 2, 2017 by Karen Brewster at the Tuzzy Consortium Library in Utqiaġvik, Alaska (formerly known as Barrow). Rossman lives in Wainwright, but was in Utqiaġvik attending the 2017 North Slope Elders/Youth Conference and was able to take time away from sessions to participate in this interview. In this interview, Rossman talks about how 1969/1970 was the year he first started noticing environmental changes associated with climate change and global warming. He also talks about being out on the sea ice, the effect of wind and current and how there are seasonal variations, and changes in ice conditions, such as a lack of thick, heavy ice.

This is the continuation of an interview with Wesley Uġiaqtaq Aiken on June 3, 2017 by Karen Brewster and Craig George at his home in Utqiaġvik, Alaska (formerly known as Barrow). In this second part of a two part interview, Wesley continues to share his knowledge of and experiences on the shorefast ice near Barrow. He talks about various ice phenomena, including: pressure ridges (ivuniq), ice shearing (agiukpak), floating ice chunks (puktallak), ice add-on (iiguaq), and rotten ice (aunniq). He also discusses ice conditions during recent years of whaling, the importance of watching the current and checking for cracks, his personal experience with drifting out on the ice, and what young people today should know when traveling on the sea ice.

This is the continuation of an interview with Craig George on June 4, 2017 by Karen Brewster at his house in Utqiaġvik, Alaska (formerly known as Barrow). In this second part of a two part interview, Craig talks about ice break-off events, the effect of snow cover on ice conditions, how the timing of freeze-up has changed, and the importance of observing the ice throughout the season. He also discusses specific ice types (sheared ice, slush ice, and ice cliffs formed by wave action), the effect of wind and tide on ice movement, and the changing ice conditions he has observed. Finally, he mentions how the collaboration between scientists and Iñupiat hunters can be a model for good natural resource management.

Hajo Eicken was interviewed on February 28, 2018 by Karen Brewster in his office of the International Arctic Research Center (IARC) on the campus of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Fairbanks, Alaska. In this first part of a two part interview, Hajo talks about how he came to Alaska and got involved in sea ice research, his early research activities, and his collaboration with local ice experts. He also discusses the importance of combining local and traditional knowledge with science, differences in these knowledge systems, establishing local observation networks, use of observational data, and creation of useful products.

Emily Willis was interviewed on October 4, 2018 by Karen Brewster and Susannah Dowds at Emily's home in Skagway, Alaska. In this first part of a two part interview, Emily talks about her work with herbal and medicinal uses of plants, and environmental changes she has observed while foraging in the woods and working in her backyard garden since moving to Skagway in 2002. She discusses the uses of specific plants, her harvesting and growing techniques, and changes in plants, trees, mushrooms, birds, weather conditions, and the length of the growing season.

Stan Selmer was interviewed on October 5, 2018 by Karen Brewster at his home in Skagway, Alaska. In this first part of a two part interview, Stan talks about the development of and possible impacts of the Goat Lake Hydroelectric Project built in the 1990s as a way to provide more electricity to the community of Skagway, as well as the Dewey Lakes and Kasidaya Creek hydro projects. He also shares his observations of environmental change in Skagway from his childhood to the present, including: weather observations; winter temperatures, snowfall, and icing conditions; flooding and river water levels; cruise ship air pollution; wind; melting glaciers; trees; and warmer summer temperatures and drier conditions.

Carl Mulvihill was interviewed on October 5, 2018 by Karen Brewster at his home in Skagway, Alaska. In this interview, Carl talks about his observations of environmental and community change throughout his lifetime of living in Skagway, Alaska. He discusses changes in seasons, temperatures, and precipitation, changes in bird, fish and wildlife populations, and the melting of glaciers and warmer winters than when he was a boy. He also talks about invasive species, berries, gardening, increased presence of air pollution from cruise ships, pollution from ore and mineral transportation, and changes in environmental consciousness that have led to less ocean pollution and more efficient building construction and lower energy costs.

Andrew and Joanne Beierly were interviewed on October 5, 2018 by Karen Brewster at the Peniel Mission building in Skagway, Alaska. In this first part of a two part interview, the Beierlys talk about changes in the local environment they have observed in their close to 70 years of living in Skagway and their daily beach walks. They talk about changes in the bird, animal, and fish populations, the presence of different insect species and invasive plants, receding glaciers, and changes in the seasons, temperatures, and weather patterns. They also discuss the unusual large die-off and starvation of common murres that occurred in 2016.

This is a continuation of the interview with Ellen Hope Hays on December 7, 1998 by Karen Brewster and Kristen Griffin at the Sitka Tribe of Alaska office in Sitka, Alaska. Robi Craig, Tribal Anthropologist for the Sitka Tribe, was also present during the interview. Her responses in this interview indicate these are issues she has thought about before; she knew what she wanted to say. There was so much to discuss with Ellen that this interview carried over into a second day (Interview 2). In this second part of a three part interview, Ellen talks about installation of the Bicentennial Pole, the value and success of the Southeast Alaska Indian Cultural Center and how important it has been to Alaska Native artists, the relationship between the Cultural Center and the community, and a 1990s oral history project. She also talks about photographs of Cultural Center artists and their work.

Ellen Hope Hays was interviewed on December 7, 1998 by Karen Brewster and Kristen Griffin at the Sitka Tribe of Alaska office in Sitka, Alaska. Robi Craig, Tribal Anthropologist for the Sitka Tribe, was also present during the interview. At the time of this interview, Ellen was living on Bainbridge Island, Washington, and this project supported her travel to Sitka to be interviewed. Ellen was a vivacious, petite, 70-year old who was an energetic and eloquent speaker. She obviously had been in an interview setting before and was comfortable with it. She'd take one question and run with it, thereby discussing topics that future questions had intended to address. Ellen carried herself with strength and pride and did not hesitate to speak her mind. Her responses in this interview indicated these were issues she has thought about before; she knew what she wanted to say. There was so much to discuss with Ellen that this interview carried over into a second day (Interview 2). In this first part of a three part interview, Ellen talks about her family background, her childhood growing up in the Cottages Community that neighbored Sitka National Historical Park, using the park as her playground, and her role in the development of the Alaska Native Brotherhood. She also talks about working to establish the Southeast Alaska Indian Cultural Center, history of and changes in Sitka, the relationship between the National Park Service and the community, and how she became park superintendent and then Native Liaison for the Alaska Region of the National Park Service. Finally, Ellen discusses the importance of maintaining her Tlingit identity and continuing Native cultural knowledge and practices, reflects on her career with the National Park Service and the value of Sitka National Historical Park and commemoration of the 1804 battle between the Kiks.'adi and the Russians, key Tlingit teachers and artists who worked at the Cultural Center, and the role of the Cultural Center in the community. At the end of the interview, Ellen talks about historic photographs related to the national park and installation of the Centennial House Post.

Gene Ervine was interviewed on April 15, 1999 by Karen Brewster at the Bureau of Land Management offices in Anchorage, Alaska. In this interview, Gene discusses his involvement with the Russian Bishop's House Restoration Project from 1976 to 1982 at Sitka National Historical Park in Sitka, Alaska. In a small conference room without windows, surrounded by piles of old BLM reports and file cabinets, Gene explains details of the original Russian Bishop's House building and how they dismantled it, the research that was done to recreate the house as historically accurate as possible, and the rebuilding process itself. He mentions a number of interesting discoveries the architects and historians made during the project. Gene expresses great enthusiasm for having been involved in such an interesting and historically significant project.

This is a continuation of the interview with George Hall on April 16, 1999 by Karen Brewster at his home in Anchorage, Alaska. The interview began at his office on Tudor Road in Anchorage in the morning (Parts 1 & 2). He had artifacts and mementos from his years in Sitka at home that he wished to share, so the interview continued later that afternoon at his house in South Anchorage. In this interview, George talks about his ten years of working for the National Park Service in Sitka, Alaska. He discusses the variety of jobs he held and many tasks he completed. The most important to him were recording Tlingit gatherings, collecting Tlingit house pieces for the park's museum collection, and coordinating the museum's exhibit design with the Tlingit community. He speaks highly of the Tlingit in Sitka, and appreciatively of the opportunities he had to work closely with and become friends with them. He specifically mentions his close friend, Alex Andrews. He also discusses the relationship between the Park Service and the community, and establishment of facilities at the park. In this third part of a three part interview, George specifically talks about the changing relationship between the National Park Service and the community of Sitka, restoration of Indian River, and the establishment of the Southeast Alaska Indian Cultural Center in the park. He also discusses his role in the development of the exhibit's at the park, the installation of totem poles at the park, and the development of facilities in the park. Finally, he mentions a shooting that took place at the park, the close friendship he had with Alex Andrews, formation of the Sitka Historical Society, and his appreciation for Tlingit culture and the community of Sitka. At the end of this interview, George proudly showed Tlingit artifacts, art, and craftpieces he collected and received while living in Sitka. For him, this material reflects the special relationship he developed with Native people in Sitka. After moving away, he continued to return to Sitka for periodic visits. He felt a strong connection to Sitka and its residents. As he said, "It was home."

Gil Truitt was interviewed on December 8, 1998 by Karen Brewster and Kristen Griffin at the Sitka Tribe of Alaska office in Sitka, Alaska. Mr. Truitt is a proud man with a pleasant demeanor who is mindful of proper Tlingit behavior, so carries himself in an almost formal manner. After a long career as a teacher and coach at Mount Edgecumbe High School, he is comfortable with public speaking in the interview context, and communicates his thoughts in a clear, straightforward manner. In this interview, Gil talks about his childhood in the Cottages Community neighboring Sitka National Historical Park and his relationship with the Park. He mentions individuals who influenced his life, like Mrs. Don Cameron, the role of the Alaska Native Brotherhood, education, sports and music at the Cottages, and his own education and career development. He also discusses fishing at Indian River in the Park when he was a boy, tourism, and teaching cultural values.

Louis Minard was interviewed on December 8, 1999 by Kristen Griffin and Karen Brewster at the Southeast Alaska Indian Cultural Center in Sitka, Alaska. At the time of the interview, Louis was eighty-four years old, had a broad face, and wore thick smoke-tinted glasses which shaded his eyes. He was about 5' 4" tall and walked assisted by two aluminum crutches, since rheumatoid arthritis and two hip replacement surgeries made it difficult for him to walk. After over twenty years of talking to Sitka National Historical Park visitors about his carving, he was comfortable with public speaking and the interview setting. He spoke thoughtfully and with determination, and his straight-forward answers to questions made it clear that he had thought about and discussed these topics before. He told stories with the emphasis and suspense of a good performer. Louis took a break from cutting a fine-lined design in a gold bracelet he was making to talk to us. In preperation for our interview, he took the magnifier lens off his glasses, turned off the bright, swing-arm lamp over his work area, and pulled off his work apron and hung it over his bench. We also turned off the small electric space heater at his feet to keep its noise off the recording. In this interview, Louis sat in his high-legged chair behind his workbench and talked about how he got involved with silver carving, who his teachers were, the importance of knowing history, and his long association with the Southeast Alaska Indian Cultural Center as an artist, tradition bearer, and educator. He also talks about the Killer Whale Clan House origin story, the importance of the Cultural Center for Native artists, and receiving the Governor's Award for the Arts.

Bea Lingle was interviewed on October 7, 2018 by Karen Brewster in Bea's room in her daughter, Kathy, and son-in-law's house in Skagway, Alaska. In this first part of a two part interview, Bea shares her memories of growing up in Skagway in the 1930s and 1940s and how things have changed in terms of the weather, the temperatures, the amount of snow and ice in the winter, the wind, and the summer temperatures and precipitation. Bea also talks about changes in the growth of vegetation she has observed at her cabin in Carcross, the presence of various bird species, and the recent success of apple trees in Skagway. She also begins to discuss observations of environmental change in Dyea, Alaska.

Betsy Albecker was interviewed on October 9, 2018 by Karen Brewster at her home in Skagway, Alaska. In this interview, Betsy talks about the effects of environmental change that she has observed, including receding glaciers such as Laughton Glacier that she walked to when she was a kid, variation in plant species that succeed or fail in her garden, changes in the length of the growing season, warmer winters with less snow, and this summer’s hot and dry weather. She also talks about the successful growth of cedar trees that her mother planted at Nahku Bay, the effect of glacial rebound on the landscape, differences in insects, an increase in jellyfish, the disappearance of blue snails from the beaches, a decrease in birds, and changes in the frost, planting and harvesting seasons. On October 10, 2018, Betsy provided a tour of the Nahku Bay homestead and garden, including the cedar trees, apple trees, and her formerly productive garden space. Photos of this are included as the Betsy Albecker Slideshow.

Jeff and Dorothy Brady were interviewed on October 9, 2018 by Karen Brewster at their home in Skagway, Alaska. In this first part of a two part interview, Jeff and Dorothy talk about their lives in Skagway and environmental changes they have observed over time in Skagway and Dyea. As an avid gardener, Dorothy talks about changes she has seen in the plants in her garden and the shifts in her gardening techniques and the effects of seasonal weather changes. As active outdoors people, both Jeff and Dorothy discuss their observations of winter and summer temperatures and precipitation, the timing of freeze-up and break-up, changes in wildlife, bird, tree, and plant populations, receding glaciers, changes in rivers and flooding, and effects on human infrastructure.

Elaine Furbish was interviewed on October 6, 2018 by Karen Brewster at the National Park Service’s restored Peniel Mission building in Skagway, Alaska. In this interview, Elaine talked about both her work as the Natural Resources Manager at Klondike National Historical Park and her research on and observations of environmental change during her twenty years of living in Skagway. Only the portion of the interview related to environmental change is included in the Observing Change in Alaska's National Park Project Jukebox. The full interview (ORAL HISTORY 2017-01-86) can be obtained through the UAF Oral History Office. In this part of the interview, Elaine talks about studying lichen to monitor for air quality, the need for scientitifc research and inventory and monitoring, the importance of citizen science projects, and some of the area's fire history and ecology. Elaine also discusses local air pollution from cruise ships and provides observations of environmental change, including a large seabird die-off in 2016, variation in winter and summer weather, appearance of different insects and bird species, and the shrinking of local glaciers.

Pauline Ramoth was interviewed on February 9, 2018 by Karen Brewster and Susan Georgette at Pauline's home in Selawik, Alaska. Nichole Hanshaw sat in and listened to the interview. In this interview, Pauline talks about growing up in Selawik when times were tough, only going to school until the sixth grade, and learning English, living a subsistence lifestyle of moving to seasonal camps for hunting, trapping and fishing, traveling on the river on a log raft, and stopping at Niliq and visiting the Rotman family who lived there. She also talks about muskrat hunting, preparing and trading the skins, eating traditional Native foods, use of plants, spring celebration and games they played.

Caleb Pungowiyi was interviewed on December 2, 2001 by Bill Schneider with Sidney Stephens and Karen Brewster at Schneider's home in Fairbanks, Alaska. Willa Schneider was also present listening in during part of the interview. In this interview, Caleb talks about his growing up in Savoonga, Alaska on St. Lawrence Island, learning traditional skills and knowledge from elders, and the importance of passing that on to the younger generations. He also discusses his observations of environmental and climate variability, how people in coastal regions of northern Alaska are impacted by and adapting to that change, and the importance of integrating traditional knowledge and western science.

This is the continuation of an interview with Marge Adams on May 28, 2006 by Karen Brewster at Marge's home in Yakutat, Alaska. In this second part of a three part interview, Marge talks about attending physician's assistant training in New Mexico, opening a clinic in Anchorage for the Cook Inlet Native Association, managing the community health representative and health aide program, and being health aide coordinator for Cook Inlet Native Association and for Southeast Alaska Regional Health Consortium (SEARHC) in Sitka, Alaska.

Willa Ashenfelter and Irene Aukongak were interviewed on September 13, 2005 by Karen Brewster at the Norton Sound Health Corporation, Village Health Services office in Nome, Alaska. Willa and Irene were interviewed together because they were health aides in nearby villages during the same time period, worked closely together, went to training together, and are close friends. They traveled to Nome for the interview. They have great fun remembering their younger days and telling stories together, each adding to the memories of the other. In this first part of a three part interview, Willa and Irene talk about how they became health aides, training they received, early equipment they had, working without being paid, methods of communication with the doctors, challenges and joys of the work, the importance of family and community support for a health aide, and changes in management of the health aide program. They also talk about delivering babies, handling emergency cases, working in their home village, and dealing with deaths.

This is the continuation of an interview with Willa Ashenfelter and Irene Aukongak on September 13, 2005 with Karen Brewster at the Norton Sound Health Corporation, Village Health Services office in Nome, Alaska. Willa and Irene were interviewed together because they were health aides in nearby villages during the same time period, worked closely together, went to training together, and are close friends. They traveled to Nome for the interview. They have great fun remembering their younger days and telling stories together, each adding to the memories of the other. In this third part of a three part interview, Willa and Irene talk about how they met and became friends, the stresses and rewards of caring for people and being a community health aide, and the joys of successfully treated a patient. They also talk about dealing with accidents and emergencies, how the types of medical problems and communication methods have changed over the years, and effects of an increase in suicides.

Rita Buck was interviewed on September 13, 2005 by Karen Brewster at the Norton Sound Health Corporation, Village Health Services office in Nome, Alaska. In this interview, Rita talks about learning from Willa Ashenfelter, communicating with the doctors, the importance of building trust and respect from the community, balancing her family and job, coping with difficult cases and challenges of the job, her current job duties, and variations among the villages.

Linda Curda was interviewed on August 25, 2005 by Karen Brewster at Linda's home/office in Anchorage, Alaska. In this first part of a two part interview, Linda talks about the community health aide (CHA) training program, the development of the new manual, the content of the new manual, ways to improve CHA training and practice, professionalizing the CHA job, issues of job attrition, and the importance of having good health care in rural Alaska.

Stewart Ferguson was interviewed on June 8, 2006 by Karen Brewster at his office at the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium (ANTHC) in Anchorage, Alaska. In this interview, Stewart talks about the development of the Alaska Federal Health Care Access Network Project (AFHCAN) telehealth program in Alaska, creating a telehealth system that meets local and technical needs, training health aide users, the benefits and challenges of telehealth, the role of health aides in driving program advances, and the future of telehealth services in Alaska.

This is the continuation of an interview with Beverly Hugo on March 15, 2005 by Karen Brewster at the Bertha Moses Patient Hostel in Fairbanks, Alaska when Beverly was visiting from her home in Barrow, Alaska. In this second part of a three part interview, Beverly talks about providing health care for Alaska Native people, becoming a physician's assistant, health aide training, and challenges of rural health care and being a community health aide.

Roy Huhndorf was interviewed on August 23, 2005 by Karen Brewster at his home in Anchorage, Alaska. In this interview, Roy talks about managing the Community Health Aide Program, the transition from the Indian Health Service to regional health corporations, disputes between agencies, the strengths and weaknesses of the program, and what the job meant to him personally.

This is the continuation of an interview with Dr. William "Bill" James on February 1, 2006 by Karen Brewster at his home in Fairbanks, Alaska. In this second part of a three part interview, Bill talks about working as a physician in rural Alaska and working with community health aides to provide medical care to the villages, communication between doctors and health aides, how conditions in the villages have changed, and the differences between rural and urban health care in Alaska. He also talks about patient confidentiality, the use of traditional medicine, and dealing with emergencies. Finally, he provides his thoughts on the success of the Community Health Aide Program and the important role health aides play in their communities.

Jessie Jim was interviewed on May 31, 2006 by Karen Brewster in Juneau, Alaska. This interview took place in Juneau instead of at Jessie's home in Angoon, Alaska, because she was in Juneau to participate in the Southeast Alaska Native dance gathering called “Celebration.” In this first part of a two part interview, Jessie talks about how she was selected to be a health aide, changes in the facilities and equipment they had to work with throughout her career, training she received, working with co-health aide Barbara Johnson, communicating by radio with the doctors in Sitka, using the Community Health Aide Manual, and the support she received from the community.

Barbara Johnson was interviewed on May 27, 2006 by Karen Brewster in Yakutat, Alaska. The interview took place at the Blue Heron Inn Bed and Breakfast, where Karen was staying, because it was quieter than Barbara's house. In this first part of a two part interview, Barbara talks about her early years as a health aide in Angoon, the introduction of the telephone, training she received, learning from her grandmother, the stress and hardship of health aide work, job satisfaction, the importance of community and family support, differences between being a health aide in Angoon and Yakutat, the use of traditional medicine, and dealing with the stresses and hardships of being the sole medical provider in a small village.

Dr. Walter Johnson was interviewed on July 8, 2005 by Karen Brewster at his home in Homer, Alaska. The interview took place at his kitchen table on a warm summer day with a view of Kachemak Bay. In this first part of a two part interview, Dr. Johnson talks about establishing the Community Health Aide Program, training health aides, integrating health aides into the western health care system, communication systems used, curriculum development, the program as a model for rural health care, and what he sees for the future. After the interview, Walter led a tour of his apple and cherry orchard and vegetable and flower gardens.

Stella Krumrey was interviewed on March 10, 2005 by Karen Brewster in Kodiak, Alaska. Stella is from the village of Old Harbor, Alaska, but was interviewed at the Kodiak Area Native Association offices in Kodiak City while waiting for the weather to clear for flying. She was traveling to Ouzinkie to help the health clinic there establish a manager position, similar to her job in Old Harbor. In the interview, Stella talks about the importance of family and community support for health aides, the joys and hardships of being a health aide, the difficulties of being from the community you work in, the training she received, and why she enjoys health care work.

Clara Morgan was interviewed on November 9, 2005 by Karen Brewster in a quiet reflection room at the Alaska Native Medical Center in Anchorage, Alaska. Although Clara was from the village of Aniak, this interview was conducted in Anchorage because she was there with her husband, William "Billy" Morgan, while he received medical treatment. The interview was rushed, because Clara did not want to be away from him for too long. In the interview, Clara talks about being an early health aide and volunteering for ten years before she got paid, the training she received, working out of her home before there was a clinic, and flying to villages for medevacs. She also talks about communicating with the doctors, memorable cases she dealt with, the shift from federal government to Yukon-Kuskokwim Health Corporation management, and having the clinic in Aniak named after her.

Dr. Karen O'Neill was interviewed on September 14, 2005 by Karen Brewster at the Norton Sound Health Corporation Health Aide Training Center in Nome, Alaska. In this interview, Karen talks about the early days of medical care in the region when there was not reliable communication systems or advanced equipment or facilities, the development of telemedicine, and what it was like traveling to the villages. She is a big supporter of health aides and the Community Health Aide Program, so she talks about the establishment of the Nome health aide training center, the training provided to health aides, what talented people they are, and changes in the quality of medical services in the region. She also discusses her work at the center, as well as her role in the development of statewide health aide curriculum.

Dr. Lee Schmidt was interviewed on June 2, 2006 by Karen Brewster at his home in Sitka, Alaska. In this interview, Lee talks about being a doctor in rural Alaska, experiences traveling to villages, and changes in Alaska's rural health care. He also talks about his appreciation of health aides, his administrative duties as chief of the Community Health Services Program, and differences between the Indian Health Service and the Southeast Alaska Regional Health Consortium (SEARHC) as health care managers.

Rosemary Simone was interviewed on April 2, 2006 by Karen Brewster at the White House Bed and Breakfast in Bethel, Alaska. The interview was a bit rushed due to time constraints of having to catch an airplane. In this interview, Rosemary talks about why she went into medical work, her duties running the health aide program in Nome, including training and reducing pressures on the heath aides, her admiration for health aides she worked with, and current issues of recruitment and retention of health aides.

This is the continuation of an interview with Joyce Smith on March 11, 2005 by Karen Brewster at Joyce's home in Ouzinkie, Alaska. In this second part of a three part interview, Joyce talks about providing medical care out of her home versus in a health clinic, the role of her faith in her health aide work, and the importance of maintaining confidentiality. She shares her memories of the 1964 Alaska Earthquake and the effect of the resulting tidal wave that hit Kodiak Island, and also discusses balancing raising a family with working as a health aide, and changes in the communities and the delivery of medical care, such as with telemedicine and management by Native health corporations.

Dan Thomas was interviewed on September 14, 2005 by Karen Brewster in his office at the Norton Sound Health Corporation Health Aide Training Center in Nome, Alaska. In this interview, Dan talks about the structure and content of the health aide training program, his job duties, retention and turnover of health aides, difficult aspects of health aide work, the use of mid-level providers, the use of telemedicine, and the history of the training center.

Lillian Walker was interviewed on August 24, 2005 by Karen Brewster at Lillian's apartment in Anchorage, Alaska. In this first part of a two part interview, Lillian talks about learning to deliver babies and being a midwife, being selected as health aide for Holy Cross, various types of cases she was faced with over the years and how she treated them, communication systems used, relationship between the health aide and the community and the regional health corporation, use of traditional medicine, how she liked helping people, and her retirement.

Rose Winkleman was interviewed on August 24, 2005 by Karen Brewster at Rose's apartment in a senior citizens apartment complex owned by the Cook Inlet Regional Housing Authority in Anchorage, Alaska. In this interview, Rose talks about getting the health aide job, the training she received, dealing with accidents and illness in the village, transportation of patients to Anchorage, communication with the doctors, the variety of work the health aide does, why she was successful and continued with the job.

Dr. George Brown was interviewed on September 30, 2004 at his home in Portland, Oregon. In this interview, George discusses and describes a selection of photographs from his personal collection as a way to talk about his experience as a Public Health Service doctor in Tanana, Alaska in the early 1970s. He talks about the role of the physician as the health aides' primary contact, the early communication system, doctor travel to the villages, and his assessment of the health aide program. His wife, Marcia, periodically interjects her own memories to add to his stories. See George Brown's Slideshow to see the photos and listen to George and Marcia Brown talk about them. Sections 1 and 27-28 in the interview below play audio from the interview, while Sections 2-26 link to the narrated images in the slideshow.

This is the continuation of an interview with Harry Turner on May 14, 2003 with Debbie Turner and Karen Brewster at his home in Holy Cross, Alaska. In this second part of a two part interview, Harry continues to talk about his life and living in Holy Cross. He discusses his family background, various jobs he has held in his lifetime, surviving serious illness, and holiday celebrations in Flat, Alaska when he was a boy in the 1930s.

Betty Johnson was interviewed on January 13, 2002 by Karen Brewster and Debbie Turner at the Springhill Suites Hotel in Anchorage, Alaska. Betty lived in Kenai, Alaska in the winter, but returned to Holy Cross every year for subsistence hunting and fishing. In this interview, Betty talks about her memories of childhood in Holy Cross, holiday celebrations, potlatches, Mission activities, trapping, running the store, and the importance of respect. Betty loved the subsistence lifestyle and most of all she discusses many memories she had of traveling on the river, moose hunting, and being out in the country during all the seasons of the year. At the end of the interview, Betty describes photographs from her collection that she had been asked to bring along that she felt represented her life. The photographs add another layer to understanding Betty's life and the history of Holy Cross.

This is the continuation of an interview with Luke and Alice Demientieff on April 17, 2002 by their granddaughter Tessie Paul, her husband Eugene Paul who is the village chief, and Karen Brewster from the University of Alaska Fairbanks Oral History Program at the Demientieff's home in Holy Cross, Alaska. In this second part of a two part interview, Luke and Alice continue to talk about their hunting, trapping and fishing activities, experiences they had out on the trail and at their cabin, and interactions they had with specific animals. They also talk about how village life and Native traditions have changed, differences in healthcare and employment, and environmental changes they have observed. Finally, they discuss things from their personal lives, such as scariest moments, what they are most proud of, disappointments, and the challenges of moving and living in Bethel, Alaska.

Gerald (Jerry) Walker was interviewed on September 2, 2003 by his life partner, Rita Paul, Debbie Turner from the Holy Cross Tribal Council, and Karen Brewster from the University of Alaska Fairbanks Oral History Program in Anchorage, Alaska. Jerry was temporarily living in Anchorage at an assisted care facility due to health issues. In this interview, Jerry talks about living at Ghost Creek near the village of Holy Cross, his experiences on the trapline, being a riverboat captain, and other jobs he held around the region. He also discusses potlatches, holiday celebrations, and environmental changes he has observed in his many years on the trapline and on the river. Jerry's declining health prevented him from continuing to trap, hunt, and be on the river like he used to. He speaks of these activities with great fondness.

This is a continuation of the interview with Lillian Walker on September 2, 2003 by Debbie Turner from the Holy Cross Tribal Council and Karen Brewster from the University of Alaska Fairbanks Oral History Program in the empty apartment Lillian was moving out of in Anchorage, Alaska. In this second part of a two part interview, Lillian continues to discuss getting an education at the Holy Cross Mission and what life was like there, and living at Ghost Creek, outside of the village of Holy Cross. She also talks about her wedding, sewing clothes for her family, homeschooling her children, the challenges of living and raising children at Ghost Creek, and when they first got electricity.

Mary H. Demientieff was interviewed on April 25, 2003 by her daughter, Carol Atkins, Debbie Turner from the Holy Cross Tribal Council, and Karen Brewster from the University of Alaska Fairbanks Oral History Program at Mary's apartment in Bethel, Alaska. Mary had recently moved from Holy Cross to be near her family in Bethel and to be closer to better health care facilities. In this first part of a two part interview, Mary talks about about life at the Holy Cross Mission, the importance of religion in her life, and the other valuable lessons and life skills she learned there. She also talks about marrying her husband, Joe Demientieff and raising a large family together. She discusses subsistence hunting, trapping and fishing on the Yukon River, and shares her love of spending time at fish camp with her children and grandchildren. Mary also enjoys playing music, so during part of the interview she demonstrated her talents by singing and playing the guitar and keyboard. At the end of the interview, Mary describes photographs from her personal collection that she felt represented her life. She and Carol had selected some snapshots from her photo albums before the interview, and others were framed and hanging on the walls of her home. The photographs add another layer to understanding Mary's life and the history of Holy Cross.

Elizabeth Egoak was interviewed on November 18, 2004 by William Schneider, Louann Rank, Karen Brewster, and Shawna Williams along with 7th grade students Josh Hoagland and Nels Jasper at the Akiak School Library in Akiak, Alaska. Elizabeth speaks in her Native Yup’ik language and Frank Chingliak translates into English for her. In this interview, Elizabeth describes her first memories of reindeer camp and traveling with her family and the reindeer herds, getting married and moving to Akiak, and discusses how to trap ground squirrels when they come out of hibernation and make squirrel skin parkas.

Bertha Beaver was interviewed on November 16, 2004 along with Wassillie Evan and John and Mary Phillip by Shawna Williams, Karen Brewster and Louann Rank along with 7th grade students Holly Demantle, Diedre Williams, Gabriel Nicolai and Milton Jones while looking at historic photographs at the Akiak School Library in Akiak, Alaska. In this excerpt of the longer recording, Bertha talks about what it was like to be in an arranged marriage and some of the hardships of raising such a large family in the early days when there was little money. Bertha emphasizes the importance for young people to remember their traditional values, activities, and foods.

John and Mary Phillip were interviewed on November 18, 2004 by William Schneider, Karen Brewster, Louann Rank, and Shawna Williams along with 7th grade students Andy Japhet and Carrie Lake at the Akiak School Library in Akiak, Alaska. In this first part of a two part interview, John Phillip talks about his childhood, living a subsistence lifestyle, and having to travel to find jobs so he could support his family. Mary Phillip talks about her experience as a community health aide, the training and education she received, and relocating to Bethel for work. John and Mary also talk about their family histories, raising their children, and changes they have seen in Akiak.

Wassillie Evan and John Phillip are interviewed on November 19, 2004 by William Schneider, Karen Brewster, Louann Rank, and Shawna Williams along with 7th grade students Leanne Jackson and Nels Jasper at the Akiak School Library in Akiak, Alaska. In this first part of a two part interview, Wassillie and John talk about subsistence activities, the history of Akiak, and refer to a map to talk about traditionally used places, travel routes and trails, and Yup'ik place names. John and Wassille have hunted and trapped together, and they talk about Qantar and the original trail, and mention two sites in particular: Anayaruaq - "a place up by the mountains that you are supposed to avoid;" and a small lake down by the Kuskokwim River that "if you drink the water from it you will disappear." Wassillie also tells a story in Yup'ik about starvation times and talks about traditional medicine and healing practices. Wassillie is most comfortable speaking Yup'ik, so he speaks in Yup'ik throughout much of the interview and John translates his comments into English.

Annie Kawagley, Mary Phillip and Bertha Beaver are interviewed on November 18, 2004 by William Schneider, Karen Brewster, Louann Rank, and Shawna Williams along with 7th grade students Minnie Kashatok and Lott Egoak at the Akiak School Library in Akiak, Alaska. In this interview, Annie, Mary and Bertha talk about women's roles in Yup'ik life, the subsistence lifestyle at seasonal camps and preparing fish and other traditional foods, raising a family, following traditional values, and working jobs outside of the home. Specifically, Annie discusses her work at the orphanage in Kwethluk, Alaska and as a health aide in Akiak; Mary shares some of her health aide experiences, delivering babies, and the use of traditional medicine; and Bertha (who joined the interview late) talks about coming to Akiak, marriage, the hardships of raising a large family during times of food shortage and starvation, and traditional rules and knowledge. Annie Kawagley was most comfortable speaking Yup'ik, so she speaks in Yup'ik throughout most of the interview and Mary Phillip translates her comments into English.

This is the continuation of an interview with Tom Nurauq Kasayulie on March 28, 2006 by Sophie Kasayulie, Frank Chingliak, Elena Chingliak, Karen Brewster, Louann Rank, and Marie Mitchell in Akiachak, Alaska. In this second part of a two part interview, Tom speaks in Yup'ik and English about reindeer herding, living a subsistence lifestyle based upon hunting, fishing and trapping, losing his first wife in an accident, and his work experiences including commercial fishing.

Nellie Ilegvak (Fritz) Moses was interviewed on March 31, 2006 by Elena Chingliak, Sophie Kasayulie, Louann Rank, Frank Chingliak and Karen Brewster at Nellie's home in Akiachak, Alaska. In this interview, she speaks in Yup'ik and English about the traditional subsistence lifestyle of moving to seasonal camps for fishing and hunting, and the types of structures people lived in during different seasons. She talks about fish camp, fall camp and spring camp, types of animals hunted, the types of fish they caught, and how fish caught in Akiachak taste different than fish caught in tundra areas. The following are a few excerpts of a longer interview. View a map of family fish camp sites at Akiachak, circa 1939, as identified by Nellie Moses.

Grant Uiugaaguqruak Ballot was interviewed on February 8, 2018 by Susan Georgette and Karen Brewster in the Selawik National Wildlife Refuge's office in the IRA Traditional Council's building in Selawik, Alaska. Nichole Hanshaw sat in and listened to the interview. In this interview, Grant talks about growing up following a traditional nomadic subsistence lifestyle, going to mission school, trapping, fishing and hunting. In particular, Grant talks a lot about muskrat hunting, preparation of the skins, and the fur trade. He also talks about other people and families that lived in camps and settlements along the Selawik and Tagraġvik Rivers, and changes that have led to the loss of cultural traditions and the importance of passing these along to the younger generations.

Judy Bittner was interviewed on November 2, 2021 by Karen Brewster in a conference room at the Office of History and Archeology, Alaska Department of Natural Resources, in the Robert B. Atwood Building in downtown Anchorage, Alaska. In this interview, Judy talks about the history of designation of the Iditarod National Historic Trail, the Advisory Council for the Iditarod National Historic Trail that was formed to oversee implementation of a comprehensive management plan for the trail, and the Iditarod Historic Trail Alliance, which is the current non-profit trail advocacy and education organization. She discusses collaborating with the Bureau of Land Management who is the designated trail administer, resolving land ownership, conveyance, state selection, and right of way easement issues along the trail, coordinating with local groups on trail stewardship, and the Council and Alliance’s education and outreach activities to encourage the public to support trail preservation and understand the trail’s important history, such as publications and the Alliance’s teacher training program (Iditarod Trail to Every Classroom - iTREC). She also mentions the administrative and financial workings of the Alliance as non-profit, and trail projects that they have undertaken, including construction of shelter cabins and nomination of historic structures along the route to the National Register of Historic Places.

Pat Pourchot was interviewed on November 2, 2021 by Karen Brewster in a conference room at the Office of History and Archeology, Alaska Department of Natural Resources, in the Robert B. Atwood Building in downtown Anchorage, Alaska. In this interview, Pat talks about his involvement with the designation of the Iditarod National Historic Trail. He discusses working on the 1977 gold rush trails study for the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation (The Iditarod Trail (Seward-Nome Route) and other Alaskan Gold Rush Trails), and the role Joe Redington played in getting the trail recognized and protected. Pat also talks about working for Senator Mike Gravel in Washington, D.C., negotiating with other senate staff, and helping to get the legislation passed that officially designated the Iditarod Trail as a national historic trail. Pat also talks about his other work on D-2 lands legislation, review of Wild and Scenic Rivers in Alaska, public land issues under the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA), serving in the Alaska legislature and as Commissioner of the Alaska Department of Natural Resources, as well as other trail and conservation advocacy work.

Lee Poleske was interviewed on November 3, 2021 by Karen Brewster at his home in Seward, Alaska. In this interview, Lee talks about getting involved with the Iditarod National Historic Trail Alliance through the local Seward Trail Blazers group. He discusses the group’s accomplishments of getting the Seward section of the trail recognized and a bike path constructed along the first part of the route, installing Mile 0 signs and interpretive panels, and creating commemorative statues to honor the early gold miners who walked the trail and trail pioneer Jujiro Wada. He also talks about their public education activities, including participating in the Alliance’s teacher training program (Iditarod Trail to Every Classroom - iTREC), producing a newsletter for both the Trail Blazers and the Alliance, receiving support from the local staff of the Chugach National Forest/U.S. Forest Service, and recognition of the southern portion of the Iditarod Trail and construction of a complete recreational trail along the historic route.

Delois Burggraf was interviewed on December 7, 2021 by Karen Brewster at Delois' home in Fairbanks, Alaska. Her son, Alfred "Bear" Ketzler, Jr., was also present during the interview and periodically chimes in with his own comments. In this first part of a three part interview, Delois talks about life in Nenana, Alaska in the early 1950s, the work of her father, Charlie Purvis, with Al Starr and her then husband, Al Ketzler, Sr., on early Alaska Native land issues, and the organization of meetings in 1962 to begin discussion about Native land claims. Delois also talks about some of the non-Native allies who helped in the early days, including LaVerne Madigan of the Association of American Indian Affairs, and Kay Hitchcock and Sandy Jensen of Fairbanks.

This is a continuation of the interview with Delois Burggraf on February 24, 2022 by Karen Brewster at Delois' home in Fairbanks, Alaska. In this third part of a three part interview, Delois continues to discuss her involvement with the early Native land claims movement in Alaska in the 1960s and 1970s leading up to passage of the Alaska Native Land Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) in 1971. She talks about petitioning for a land freeze, filing an injunction on construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, the people involved in the land claims movement, the stress they were under, and the personal and family impacts of this stress. She also talks about the legacy of ANCSA, the corporate structure, and her lack of continued activism after passage of ANCSA. Throughout the interview, Delois provides a lot of background history and socio-cultural context for Native and non-Native relations and changes she has seen since moving to Alaska as a child.

Sam Demientieff was interviewed on March 2, 2022 by Bill Schneider and Karen Brewster at Sam's home in Fairbanks, Alaska. In this interview, Sam reflects on the legacy of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act and his involvement in various aspects of its implementation. He talks about the setting up of regional and village corporations, shareholders and types of shares, the business focus of the corporations, business and resource development, and net operating losses. He also talks about working for the Interior Village Association to help villages set up their own corporations, serving on the board of Doyon Ltd., some of the business ventures and investments made by Doyon, Ltd., and working for the Bureau of Indian Affairs during the time when Alaska tribes were working toward gaining federal recognition. Sam also shares his thoughts on the future of ANCSA corporations and the Native way of life.

Colleen Redman was interviewed on March 14, 2022 by Karen Brewster at Colleen's home in Fairbanks, Alaska. In this interview, Colleen talks about her work as a social worker in Fairbanks, her brother, Tom Snapp, the Tundra Times and the All-Alaska Weekly newspapers, and their role during the Alaska Native land claims period. She discusses how the papers were founded and funded, how the All-Alaska Weekly was produced and printed, and her role working for the All-Alaska Weekly. She also talks about Tom Snapp helping Howard Rock start the Tundra Times, Native and non-Native relationships, Tom's devotion to journalism, professional journalism ethics, the importance of newspapers in keeping the public informed, and Tom's legacy as one of Alaska's premier newspapermen.

Correction: There was some confusion about dates during the interview. The Iñupiat Paitot meeting held in Utqiaġvik (formerly known as Barrow), Alaska actually occurred in November 1961, and the Tundra Times newspapers started publishing in October 1962.

Alfred "Bear" Ketzler, Jr. was interviewed on April 20, 2022 by Karen Brewster at his home in Fairbanks, Alaska. Despite best efforts to be in a quiet location, by the end of the interview, Bear's household was beginning to get busy as family members returned home at the end of the day and dinnertime approached, so there is some background noise of people talking, walking, and preparing food in the kitchen. In this interview, Bear talks about the early days of the Alaska Native land claims movement in Nenana and Tanana, his parents' and grandfather's role, growing up in that political and high stress environment, and his childhood memories of and experiences with meetings, learning about the issues, and meeting key players. He also talks about his own life and career, the influence his family had on his own work in Native governance, and the effects of ANCSA and Native regional corporations on Alaska Natives.

Ruby and Nate Becker and their thirteen-year-old twin daughters, Grace and Genevieve, and their seven-year-old son, Hunter, were interviewed on July 20, 2022 by Marcy Okada of the National Park Service and Karen Brewster of the Oral History Program at the University of Alaska Fairbanks at the Charlie Juneby Tribal Hall in Eagle Village, Alaska. In this interview, the Beckers talk about living at a remote cabin along the Yukon River inside Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve. They talk about the challenges of maintaining this off-grid lifestyle and raising children there, as well as the joys of living on the land and close to nature. They discuss their subsistence hunting, fishing, gathering, and trapping activities, using a dogteam and other forms of transportation, and staying connected with family and the outside world. All three children chime in at various times with their own memories and stories of particular events, such as seeing a black wolf or the rescue of a swan, and how they feel about their remote cabin living experience.

Bertha Ulvi and Ruth Ridley were interviewed on July 20, 2022 by Marcy Okada of the National Park Service and Karen Brewster of the Oral History Program at the University of Alaska Fairbanks at the Charlie Juneby Tribal Hall in Eagle Village, Alaska. In this second part of a two part interview, Bertha and Ruth continue to talk about their lives at Eagle Village along the Yukon River. In particular, they discuss attending boarding school in Oregon, subsistence hunting, fishing and trapping activities, traditional plant use and traditional medicine, locations where they have practiced subsistence activities, and recent changes in the salmon population. Bertha also shares stories of taking care of their elderly mother and grandmother, and living on the trapline and hunting moose and caribou during the early years of her marriage.

Dick Mackey was interviewed on May 5, 2024 by Karen Brewster at his home in Palmer, Alaska. In this interview, Dick talks about the establishment of the Iditarod National Historic Trail, its uses, preservation, and connection with the Iditarod Sled Dog Race. Dick shares his experiences of working with Joe Redington in the early days of the trail and sled dog race, locating, clearing and marking sections of the trail, and his own memories of traveling by dog team along the Iditarod Trail during the early dog sled races.